Practical Notebook Biology Standard XII

To identify common disease-causing organisms like Plasmodium, Entamoeba, Ascaris, and Ringworm with the help of permanent slides and or specimens. Comment on symptoms of diseases that they cause

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Plasmodium vivax is an intracellular, blood parasite in human vertebrates which causes malaria.
The life history of Plasmodium is completed in two hosts, partly in the definitive host, the man, and partly in an intermediate host, the female Anopheles mosquito.
When an infected female anopheles mosquito bites a man, sporozoites are introduced into the bloodstream from where they reach liver cells and multiply to form merozoite.
After a few cycles in the liver, the merozoite enters the RBC and feeds on the contents of the RBC. After 2-8 schizogenous changes in the main bloodstream, the merozoite assumes a different shape known as gametocyte
Gametocytes cannot develop further in the blood of humans therefore they wait for female anopheles mosquito to suck them with the blood. development.
When the gametocytes are sucked in by the female Anopheles mosquito they further undergo

Symptoms of malaria include fever, shivering, caused by a release of hemozoin arthralgia convulsions (joint pain), vomiting, anemia (caused by hemolysis), hemoglobinuria. , retinal damage
The classic symptom of malaria is the cyclical occurrence of sudden coldness followed by ngor and then fever, sweating, lasting for four to six hours, occurring at of 48 hrs or every two days Fig. 10.1: Stages in the life cycle of Plasmodium in mosquito and 41227

The disease is caused by the trophozoite form i) Trophozoite 11) Pre - cystic stage and i11) Cystic stage Entamoeba histolytica is a parasite in the large intestine of man. It occurs in three stages
The cytoplasm is differentiated into ectoplasm and endoplasm Ectoplasm forms pseudopodium. 4 Reproduction by binary fission and encystment. Symptoms: a layer of the large intestine of man. 1. Entamoeba histolytica causes amoebiasis in man. Trophozoite lives in mucosa and submucosa 2 It causes amoebic dysentery, abscess in the liver, lungs, and brain.
The common symptoms are the passing out of stool with blood and mucous.
Abdominal pains, nausea, and bowel irregularity are common symptoms.
Entamoeba histolytica Ascaris (Disease - Ascariasis):
Ascaris lumbricoides, also known as the giant intestinal roundworm, is one of the several soil-transmitted nematodes that are infectious to humans.

The body is elongated, cylindrical in shape, creamy white, or pinkish in color.
Sexes are separate and sexual dimorphism is well marked.
Male is about 15-31 cm in length, slender, and shows penial setae. The posterior end is curved Female is about average 20-35 cm in length, the posterior end is blunt and straight.
The body is covered with a cuticle.

The disease caused by Ascaris is called ascariasis.
The common symptom is vague abdominal pain.
In more severe cases, the patient may experience restlessness, weight loss, anorexia, distended abdomen, intermittent loose stool, and occasional vomiting. substernal discomfort. Most of the physical presence of the worm
During the pulmonary stage, there may be a brief period of whooping cough, dyspnea, and Human

Microsporum audouinil is commonly called ringworm.
The fine mycelium of the fungus occurs in between the breaks in the dermis.
It infects hair and feeds on keratin, where hyphae emerge from the sheath and grow up and down. . The hyphae in the hair put out to the surface, fine filaments on which spores are born.
The spores are very small and are produced in enormous numbers. They are readily detached and spread infection.
Ringworm causes dermatomycosis. Symptoms of ringworm